BINA KARYA PRATAMA

Having long been a British colony, the United States became independent on July 4, 1776 after fighting against the British. July 4, then celebrated as the anniversary of the United States who later embraced the principles of democracy and republican form of government.

American history is the collective history of North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America. American history begins with human migration from Asia during the Ice Age. The group is isolated from the "Old World" until the arrival of Europeans in the 10th century and the 15.

Native American ancestral hunters and gatherers who migrated to North America. The most popular theory states that migrants come to America via the Bering Land Bridge, Beringia, now the Bering Strait.

North America from 1750 to 2008.

Dianggal advanced civilization in America is: Cahokia, Zapotec, Toltek, Olmek, Maya, Aztec, Purepecha, Chimor, and Inka.

United States is made up of 13 former British colony after the American Revolution after the declaration of independence on July 4, 1776. At its origin, its political structure was a confederation. But after a long debate and the formation of the American Constitution, the colony was finally agreed to form alliance countries.

In the 19th century, U.S. forces spread across the continent of North America. Through coercion, military force and diplomacy, the United States obtained many other states inside and outside the country such as Cuba and the Philippines. Even so, this country experienced the worst social problems. In an effort to develop the white people's territory, the native Indians have been victimized. Through military force, destruction, removal of the reservation as well as regional development, the native Indians had been removed. In the south, there's still the system of slavery with the blacks as second class citizens. Discrimination against colored people is one of the causes of civil war between the states-states of North and South. Although the system of slavery had been abolished after the defeat of Southern states, racial discrimination continue to reign so that the mid-20th century.

During that era, the country is moving forward into a world industrial power, which berterusan so into the 20th century, known as the American Century or the glories of the American Century. In this century, the expanding American influence in the international arena and become the leading center of innovation and technology in the world at that time. Some of the donated technology, including phone, television, computer, Internet, nuclear weapons, airplanes and space trips.

This country has experienced some bitter experiences such as the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the collapse of a bad economy as "Great Depression" (1929-1939) who not only hit the U.S. in fact almost the entire world. Recent experience is the most pathetic attacks 9 / 11 on 11 September 2001 at the World Trade Center, New York, where nearly three thousand people were killed due to terrorist attacks.

In terms of history, this country has been involved in several major world wars, the War of 1812 against England, and also with England berpakta during World War I and World War II. In the 1960s Americans were involved in the Cold War against another great power as well as the influence that Soviet communism. In an effort to stem the spread of communism in Asia, the United States in the Korean War, Vietnam and recently in Afghanistan. After the Soviet collapse and disintegration, the U.S. got into an economic and military strength of the strongest in the world. During the 1990s, the United States proclaimed itself as the world police and army action in Kosovo, Haiti, Somalia and Liberia, and the First Gulf War against Iraq that invaded Kuwait. After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 at the World Trade Center and Pentagon, the U.S. launched a counterattack against the Taliban in Afghanistan and dropping the country there and in 2003 launched the Second Gulf War against Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein's regime.

Some issues will be discussed here, is reduced to 1.60 euros? and perhaps the GBP in the levels from 1.97 to 1.98 and higher?

The weak U.S. dollar
The U.S. dollar was significantly weaker than last week, the price of oil has shown the weaknesses of the economy of the United States. Companies are starting to fight and was forced to deal with more creative ways to address the energy crisis. With prices of crude oil hit $ 135 a barrel and gasoline in many countries at the top of $ 4 a gallon, are American companies, which cuts across the board. Ford Motor Co., for instance, plans to reduce production costs, while American Airlines is lowering capacity by 15 percent and the addition of pocket expenses. After the futures market, some traders expect the same gas prices hit $ 7-8 per gallon. But the U.S. is not the only one with the oil crisis, one of the main reasons why the dollar has weakened a lot. In recent weeks the market had been slow to amount to a breach of the Federal Reserve. At the same time, there was a growing consensus that other central banks may need to begin or continue to lower interest rates. Rising oil prices and comments from the hawks in the ECB, the Bank of England and the Reserve Bank of Australia has radically changed the outlook of these central banks. With strict inflation targeting, traders realized that the interest rate for these three countries remain unchanged for the foreseeable future and therefore the exchange rate adjusted for these expectations. Next week, the vulnerability of the U.S. economy has become even clearer. U.S. markets are closed for Memorial Day Monday, but we still have a busy week with consumer confidence, new home sales, durable goods in the first quarter GDP, personal income, spending personal and Chicago PMI for approval. We anticipate that most of these numbers on a dollar bearish as U.S. consumers continue to be under the weight of the deterioration of the struggle of personal finance.

EUR: Going back to 1.60 and a little more?
The staging a dramatic recovery euro against the dollar last week as hawkish comments from European Central Bank fueled speculation that rising rates may be just around the corner. Although we believe that higher rates would be a drastic measure, the stability of the euro area, recent economic data was encouraging, as the market focus going concern for growth, inflation. Earlier this week, German business confidence in May showed a surprising improvement. Today, PMI explain why German companies are not worried. Service and manufacturing PMI numbers have deteriorated compared to the previous month, but remain on the territory expansion. Next week, it may be, rather than data U. S. Euro zone economy, the euro / dollar pair to help Customs to 1.60. The only significant reports of the euro area, German employment, Retail PMI and German retail sales. We expect the labor market in Germany to improve further because the employment component of manufacturing PMI report actually accelerated this month. Meanwhile, there is also a busy week for Switzerland, the output will be their job, UBS and consumption KOF leading indicator reports. The currency has a very good performance against the Japanese yen last week, and it remains to be seen whether this strength can continue.

Then the pound sterling to hold their gains?
It has been a great week for the pound, more than 300 pips against the U.S. dollar exchanged. pleasant surprises in economic data and hawks confirmed the minutes of its last monetary policy meeting, that there be months before we see another rate cut by the Bank of England. In fact, for all practical purposes, perhaps the next stage of the BoE to raise interest rates. Unlike the U.S., the Bank of England a strict inflation target and if inflation over 3 percent, the Governor of the Central Bank is obliged to declare a letter to the Chancellor why inflation has risen and the time framework for the layout of the inflation target. Earlier this month, consumer prices rose to 3 percent per year, and now, the BoE everything they can to inflation under control. The stability of recent economic data has helped their cause as long as the economy does not fall into a downward spiral. No major economic data due for release next week is the British pound, a chance to share its profits, until it has surprisingly strong U.S. data.

Week in Australia, New Zealand and Canadian dollars
Rising commodity prices, the story of the week, helping to take Australia, New Zealand and Canadian dollars higher. The Australian has risen to 24 a year sitting on the scope of an arm to hit parity against the dollar. Rising inflationary pressures and the strengthening of economic data suggests the RBA is much closer to an increase in the rate of all other major central banks. We do not believe they are ready to raise interest rates, but monetary policy tightening could be a last option. The absence of significant economic data next week is the action of CAD and NZD. Canada will release its current account and GDP, while New Zealand will report its trade balance.

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